===================================
Cost and Benefit Data
===================================

 **Table 16** presents key data points and their respective sources used in
 the analysis of adaptation strategies across sectors. These data encompass cost estimations for infrastructure,
 ecosystem services valuation, and benefits derived from avoided losses due to climate adaptation measures. The sources
 include governmental reports, international studies, and technical assessments, ensuring a comprehensive foundation for
 evaluating both economic investments and returns associated with adaptation actions.

.. list-table:: **Table 16.** Data Used to Model the Human-Settlements & Infrastructure Sector
   :header-rows: 1
   :widths: 40 60

   * - **Data point considered**
     - **Main source(s)**

   * - Typical cost of a two-bedroom concrete house
     - McHardy et al. (2016); JIS (2020); MLGCD (2023)

   * - Cost of purchasing and installing a small-bedroom AC unit
     - Energy Star Product Finder; Home Depot; FedEx; Easy Ship; ATL Jamaica

   * - Average residential electricity tariff
     - United for Efficiency (2020); Boakye et al. (2024)

   * - Community-level climate-risk assessment (CCVRA) cost
     - ICLEI guidance; *Population & Housing Census 2011*

   * - Capital cost of a constructed wetland (CW) for wastewater
     - JICA report; Snyder et al. (2019); Thomas et al. (2023)

   * - Annual operation & maintenance cost of constructed wetland
     - Same sources as above

   * - Ecosystem-service value of wetland wastewater treatment
     - Brander et al. (2024)

   * - Cost of extending water-distribution pipelines
     - NWC News (2024); JIS (2024); NWC Report (2016)

   * - Annual O&M cost of the water-distribution network
     - NWC Report (2019)

   * - Cost of retrofitting ageing water pipelines
     - Hallegatte et al. (2019); NWC News (2024); JIS (2024); NWC Report (2016)

   * - Cost of retrofitting wastewater-treatment plants
     - Hallegatte et al. (2019); NWC Report (2016); OSeMOSYS model data

   * - Cost of retrofitting sewerage pipelines
     - Hallegatte et al. (2019); NWC Report (2016); OSeMOSYS model data

   * - Capital cost of community-scale rain-water harvesting systems (RWHS)
     - TNA Jamaica reports; TNA policy brief

   * - Capacity-building expenditure for RWHS projects
     - TNA Jamaica reports; TNA policy brief

   * - Annual O&M cost for RWHS
     - TNA Jamaica reports; TNA policy brief

   * - Cost of a non-revenue-water (NRW) reduction programme
     - NWC capital-projects data; *Population & Housing Census 2011*

   * - Benefit: avoided water-production cost due to NRW reduction
     - NWC Tariff Submission; NWC Annual Report 2019

   * - Cost of climate-proofing transport infrastructure (roads, bridges, highways)
     - PIOJ *Damage & Loss Report*; NWA MIDP

   * - Benefit: avoided infrastructure loss & damage after extreme events
     - PIOJ *Damage & Loss Report*; NWA MIDP; Hallegatte et al. (2019)

   * - Benefit: avoided GDP contraction from disruption (2025-2029)
     - Same as above plus World Bank Data; STATIN Jamaica; World Bank Country Overview

   * - Benefit: avoided GDP contraction from disruption (2030-2039)
     - PIOJ *Damage & Loss Report*; Hallegatte et al. (2019); World Bank Data

   * - Benefit: avoided GDP contraction from disruption (2040-2050)
     - PIOJ *Damage & Loss Report*; Hallegatte et al. (2019); World Bank